Meta Information
ID:phosphatidylserine
Name:
Schema Version:2.4_uniform_evidence_2026_06_18
Created
2026-05-21T22:30:00Z
Model
phase-a-upgrade-claude-sonnet-4.6
Interactions
Target id:
/class/anticoagulants-antiplatelets
Target name:
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelets
Severity:
moderate
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Phosphatidylserine may have mild blood-thinning properties, which could add to the effects of anticoagulant and antiplatelet medications (e.g., warfarin, clopidogrel, aspirin), potentially increasing the risk of bleeding.
Actionable advice:
It is important to consult a doctor before combining with blood-thinning medications; close monitoring may be required.
Validation status:
validated_via_fda_label
Evidence tier:
tier_a
Evidence basis:
fda_label_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
Some botanicals may cause bleeding events when taken alone (e.g., garlic and Ginkgo biloba) and may have anticoagulant, antiplatelet, and/or fibrinolytic properties.
Label source:
Action type:
monitor
Target id:
/procedure/surgery
Target name:
Upcoming Surgery
Severity:
major
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
temporal
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
336
Hours after target:
null
Description:
Due to its potential blood-thinning effects, phosphatidylserine may increase the risk of excessive bleeding during and after surgical procedures.
Actionable advice:
Use should be discontinued at least 2 weeks prior to any scheduled surgery, and it is important to let a surgeon know.
Validation status:
validated_via_primary_literature
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
primary_literature_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
these supplements can potentially alter bleeding and coagulation during surgery and when used concomitantly with anticoagulants
Label source:
Primary literature: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9586694/
Action type:
avoid
Target id:
/condition/bleeding-disorders
Target name:
Bleeding Disorders
Severity:
major
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure on platelets and microparticles is procoagulant. It provides the binding surface for clotting factors IXa/VIIIa and accelerates thrombin generation. Reduced PS exposure on platelets has been associated with bleeding events in hemophilia A patients. Exogenous PS supplementation may therefore theoretically promote hemostasis.
Actionable advice:
Phosphatidylserine is mildly procoagulant (unlikely to thin blood). If you have a bleeding or clotting disorder, clear it with your hematologist before starting.
Validation status:
validated_via_pubmed
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
pubmed_abstract_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
Decreased platelet surface phosphatidylserine expression (identified by annexin V binding), both in the presence and absence of ADP/thrombin receptor activating peptide, demonstrated a significant association with both prior and subsequent bleeding in any location and specifically with hemarthrosis.
Label source:
PubMed: Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH (2021)
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
The exposure of PS and its binding to factors IXa/VIIIa is a vital step during clotting. Insufficient exposure or a defective binding of PS to these clotting proteins is responsible for various hematologic diseases which are discussed in this review.
Label source:
PubMed: The Journal of membrane biology (2022)
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
Circulating microparticles (MPs) are procoagulant due to the surface containing phosphatidylserine (PS), which facilitates coagulation. We investigated if MPs improve hemostasis in HA plasma models.
Label source:
PubMed: Scientific reports (2020)
Action type:
informational_none
Target id:
/class/cholinesterase-inhibitors
Target name:
Cholinesterase Inhibitors
Severity:
moderate
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Both phosphatidylserine and cholinesterase inhibitors (used for Alzheimer's disease, e.g., donepezil, galantamine) increase levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Combining them may lead to an excessive cholinergic effect and increased side effects like nausea, diarrhea, and salivation.
Actionable advice:
This is best used only under strict medical supervision when combined with cholinesterase inhibitors.
Validation status:
validated_via_primary_literature
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
primary_literature_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
Other phospholipids involved in choline biosynthetic pathways such as CDP-choline, choline alphoscerate and phosphatidylserine clearly enhanced ACh availability or release and provided a modest improvement of cognitive dysfunction in AD, these effects being more pronounced with choline alphoscerate.
Label source:
PubMed: Treatment of cognitive dysfunction associated with Alzheimer's disease with cholinergic precursors. Ineffective treatments or inappropriate approaches? (PMID 11589920)
Action type:
informational_none
Target id:
/class/anticholinergic-medications
Target name:
Anticholinergic Medications
Severity:
moderate
Interaction type:
diminishing
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Phosphatidylserine may increase acetylcholine levels, which directly opposes the mechanism of anticholinergic drugs (used for allergies, overactive bladder, etc.). This could reduce the effectiveness of the medication.
Actionable advice:
This is best avoided with anticholinergic medications, as they have opposing pharmacological effects.
Validation status:
validated_via_primary_literature
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
primary_literature_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
These results indicate that mAChR are under the modulatory action of phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), and suggest that this endogenous phospholipids may play a regulatory role on the mAChR.
Label source:
PubMed: Modulatory effects of phosphatidylserine on the binding of muscarinic cholinergic receptor ligands. Studies in vitro and in vivo. (PMID 2095782)
Action type:
avoid
Target id:
/class/cholinergic-agonists
Target name:
Cholinergic Agonist Medications
Severity:
moderate
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Phosphatidylserine can increase acetylcholine activity, potentially amplifying the effects and side effects of cholinergic agonist drugs used for conditions like glaucoma or dry mouth (e.g., pilocarpine).
Actionable advice:
It is important to consult a healthcare professional before combining with cholinergic drugs.
Validation status:
validated_via_primary_literature
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
primary_literature_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
PS administration being found to enhance acetylcholine release
Label source:
Primary literature: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4258547/
Action type:
informational_none
Target id:
/dietary/high-fat-meal
Target name:
Fat-Containing Meal
Severity:
moderate
Interaction type:
requirement
Nature:
temporal
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
As a phospholipid, phosphatidylserine is fat-soluble. Its absorption from the gut is significantly improved when consumed with dietary fats.
Actionable advice:
Phosphatidylserine is best taken with a meal that contains healthy fats like avocado, nuts, seeds, or olive oil.
Validation status:
validated_via_expert_review
Evidence tier:
tier_c
Evidence basis:
expert_review_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a naturally occurring membrane phospholipid
Label source:
Expert review: Phosphatidylserine is a phospholipid (fat-soluble class) whose gastrointestinal absorption follows lipid absorption kinetics and is enhanced by dietary fat through micellar solubilization, consistent with well-established pharmacokinetics of phospholipid supplements
Action type:
informational_none
Target id:
/intervention/omega-3-fatty-acids
Target name:
Omega-3 Fatty Acids (DHA/EPA)
Severity:
minor
Interaction type:
synergistic
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Phosphatidylserine and Omega-3s (especially DHA) are both critical structural components of brain cell membranes. Their combination may synergistically support membrane fluidity, neuronal signaling, and cognitive function.
Actionable advice:
Consider taking with a quality Omega-3 supplement for enhanced brain health benefits.
Validation status:
validated_via_pubmed
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
pubmed_abstract_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
Brain is highly enriched with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and brain PS has a high DHA content. By promoting PS synthesis, DHA can uniquely expand the PS pool in neuronal membranes and thereby influence PS-dependent signaling and protein function.
Label source:
PubMed: Progress in lipid research (2014)
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
A key characteristic in the membrane-mediated action of DHA results from the stimulated synthesis of neuronal phosphatidylserine (PS). The resulting DHA-PS-rich membrane domains facilitate the translocation and activation of kinases such as Raf-1, protein kinase C (PKC), and Akt.
Label source:
PubMed: International journal of molecular sciences (2022)
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
We hypothesized that co-administering DHA with specific molecular carriers - eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or phosphatidylserine (PS) - would exploit distinct cellular transport pathways to achieve region-specific brain enrichment and associated neuroprotection.
Label source:
PubMed: Nutritional neuroscience (2026)
Action type:
informational_none
Target id:
/intervention/alpha-gpc
Target name:
Alpha-GPC
Severity:
minor
Interaction type:
synergistic
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Phosphatidylserine supports neuronal membranes while Alpha-GPC provides a direct precursor for acetylcholine synthesis. Together, they may offer enhanced support for memory and learning.
Actionable advice:
Can be taken together to potentially enhance cognitive support.
Validation status:
validated_via_pubmed
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
pubmed_abstract_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
Phosphatidylserine restores acetylcholine synthesis and conditioned responses in aging rats.
Label source:
PubMed: Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry (1989)
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
Treatment with Bean-PS enhanced memory function in the Morris water maze (MWM) test. Consistent with the behavioral results, treatment with Bean-PS diminished the damage to cholinergic cells in the hippocampus, in contrast to those of the TMT group.
Label source:
PubMed: International journal of molecular sciences (2020)
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
BPC protected against neurotoxicity induced by CRH and Fe/Asc and promoted cholinergic activation by restoring basal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels.
Label source:
PubMed: Biomedicines (2026)
Action type:
informational_none
Target id:
/intervention/citicoline
Target name:
Citicoline
Severity:
minor
Interaction type:
synergistic
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Phosphatidylserine and Citicoline work through complementary pathways to support neuronal health, membrane integrity, and acetylcholine synthesis, potentially offering synergistic cognitive benefits.
Actionable advice:
Can be taken together for comprehensive cognitive and neuronal support.
Validation status:
validated_via_primary_literature
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
primary_literature_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
Kiperin Mind Focus, a nootropic nutraceutical containing L-theanine, citicoline, phosphatidylserine, Rhodiola rosea, Ginkgo biloba, caffeine, and Lion's Mane mushroom extract has been formulated to support stress resilience, mood regulation and neural health.
Label source:
PubMed: Kiperin Mind Focus supplement mitigates chronic stress-induced neuroinflammation and molecular dysregulation and improves stress-related affective and exploratory behaviors in rats. (PMID 41695889)
Action type:
informational_none
Target id:
/circadian/sleep
Target name:
Going to Sleep
Severity:
minor
Interaction type:
synergistic
Nature:
temporal
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
2
Hours after target:
null
Description:
Phosphatidylserine can help lower high cortisol levels, a stress hormone that should naturally decrease in the evening. This action may aid in relaxation and preparation for sleep.
Actionable advice:
To support a healthy cortisol rhythm for sleep, consider taking a dose in the evening, 1-2 hours before bedtime.
Validation status:
validated_via_pubmed
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
pubmed_abstract_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
Phosphatidylserine 800 mg/d for 10 days significantly blunted the ACTH and cortisol responses to physical exercise (P = 0.003 and P = 0.03, respectively), without affecting the rise in plasma GH and PRL.
Label source:
PubMed: European journal of clinical pharmacology (1992)
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
Treatment with 400 mg PAS resulted in a pronounced blunting of both serum ACTH and cortisol, and salivary cortisol responses to the TSST, but did not affect heart rate.
Label source:
PubMed: Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2004)
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
The basal levels and circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol were normalized in the responders while not in non-responders.
Label source:
PubMed: Mental illness (2015)
Action type:
separate
Target id:
/intervention/exercise
Target name:
Strenuous Exercise
Severity:
minor
Interaction type:
synergistic
Nature:
temporal
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
1
Hours after target:
null
Description:
Taking phosphatidylserine before a workout may help blunt the exercise-induced rise in the stress hormone cortisol, potentially improving recovery and reducing muscle soreness.
Actionable advice:
For athletic recovery benefits, taking a dose about one hour before strenuous exercise may help.
Validation status:
validated_via_primary_literature
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
primary_literature_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
There have been previous reports that supplements of phosphatidylserine (PS) blunted the release of cortisol in response to exercise stress and that it improved mood.
Label source:
PubMed: The influence of phosphatidylserine supplementation on mood and heart rate when faced with an acute stressor. (PMID 11842886)
Action type:
separate