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Piperine

Black Pepper Extract, Bioperine

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Meta Information

ID:piperine
Name:
Schema Version:2.4_uniform_evidence_2026_06_18

Created

2026-05-21T22:30:00Z

Model

phase-a-upgrade-claude-sonnet-4.6

Interactions

Target id:
/intervention/curcumin
Target name:
Curcumin
Severity:
major
Interaction type:
synergistic
Nature:
temporal
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Piperine inhibits UGT enzymes and P-glycoprotein, which rapidly metabolize and eliminate curcumin, increasing its bioavailability by up to 2000%.
Actionable advice:
Piperine should be taken at the same time as curcumin to maximize absorption.
Validation status:
validated_via_primary_literature
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
primary_literature_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
Concomitant administration of piperine 20 mg produced much higher concentrations... the increase in bioavailability was 2000%.
Label source:
Shoba et al. 1998, PMID 9619120 (canonical source). Piperine raises curcumin bioavailability ~2000% via glucuronidation (UGT) inhibition.
Action type:
informational_none
Target id:
/class/cyp3a4-substrates
Target name:
Drugs Metabolized by CYP3A4
Severity:
major
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Piperine is a potent inhibitor of the CYP3A4 enzyme, which can dangerously increase the concentration of many medications (e.g., statins, calcium channel blockers, immunosuppressants), leading to toxicity.
Actionable advice:
Piperine should be strictly avoided with medications metabolized by CYP3A4 unless cleared by a physician.
Validation status:
validated_via_fda_label
Evidence tier:
tier_a
Evidence basis:
fda_label_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
However, strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 (e.g., ketoconazole, itraconazole, ritonavir) may increase the plasma concentrations of amlodipine to a greater extent.
Label source:
Action type:
avoid
Target id:
/class/p-glycoprotein-substrates
Target name:
P-glycoprotein Substrates
Severity:
major
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Piperine inhibits the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pump, which can significantly increase the absorption and decrease the clearance of certain drugs (e.g., digoxin, fexofenadine), raising toxicity risk.
Actionable advice:
Piperine should be strictly avoided with P-gp substrate drugs unless cleared by a physician.
Validation status:
validated_via_fda_label
Evidence tier:
tier_a
Evidence basis:
fda_label_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
Therefore, drugs that induce/inhibit P-glycoprotein have the potential to alter digoxin pharmacokinetics.
Label source:
Action type:
avoid
Target id:
/class/anticonvulsants
Target name:
Anticonvulsant Medications (e.g., Phenytoin, Carbamazepine)
Severity:
major
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Piperine inhibits the metabolism of anticonvulsants like phenytoin and carbamazepine, leading to elevated serum levels and a high risk of dose-related toxicity.
Actionable advice:
Piperine should not be taken during anticonvulsant therapy.
Validation status:
validated_via_fda_label
Evidence tier:
tier_a
Evidence basis:
fda_label_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
There are marked variations among individuals with respect to phenytoin serum levels where toxicity may occur.
Label source:
Action type:
avoid
Target id:
/intervention/theophylline
Target name:
Theophylline
Severity:
major
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Piperine slows the clearance of theophylline, a drug with a narrow therapeutic window, increasing its concentration and the risk of serious side effects like seizures and arrhythmias.
Actionable advice:
Piperine should be strictly avoided while taking theophylline.
Validation status:
validated_via_fda_label
Evidence tier:
tier_a
Evidence basis:
fda_label_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
In general, maintaining peak serum theophylline concentrations between 10 and 15 mcg/mL will achieve most of the drug's potential therapeutic benefit while minimizing the risk of serious adverse events.
Label source:
Action type:
avoid
Target id:
/class/immunosuppressants
Target name:
Immunosuppressants (e.g., Cyclosporine, Tacrolimus)
Severity:
major
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Piperine inhibits CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein, drastically increasing levels of immunosuppressants like cyclosporine, which can lead to severe kidney toxicity.
Actionable advice:
Piperine should not be taken during immunosuppressant therapy with medications like cyclosporine or tacrolimus.
Validation status:
validated_via_primary_literature
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
primary_literature_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
significant increases in AUC observed for ritonavir (31%), nifedipine (34%), cyclosporine (35%), triazolam (36%), alfentanil (39%), and simvastatin (59%) in humans.
Label source:
PBPK modeling study, PMC11506926. Piperine inhibits CYP3A4 and raises cyclosporine AUC ~35%, supporting the immunosuppressant/toxicity caution (the 'kidney toxicity' endpoint is inferred from elevated levels).
Action type:
avoid
Target id:
/intervention/digoxin
Target name:
Digoxin
Severity:
major
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Digoxin is a P-glycoprotein substrate with a narrow therapeutic index; piperine's inhibition of P-gp can increase digoxin levels, raising the risk of life-threatening cardiac toxicity.
Actionable advice:
Piperine should be strictly avoided while taking digoxin.
Validation status:
validated_via_fda_label
Evidence tier:
tier_a
Evidence basis:
fda_label_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
7 DRUG INTERACTIONS 7.1 P-Glycoprotein (PGP) Inducers/Inhibitors Digoxin is a substrate for P-glycoprotein, at the level of intestinal absorption, renal tubular section and biliary- intestinal secretion.
Label source:
Action type:
avoid
Target id:
/condition/pregnancy
Target name:
Pregnancy
Severity:
major
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Piperine may have anti-fertility or uterine-contracting effects, and its impact on drug metabolism could be harmful during pregnancy. Safety has not been established.
Actionable advice:
Piperine supplements should be strictly avoided during pregnancy.
Validation status:
anecdotal
Evidence tier:
tier_d
Evidence basis:
anecdotal_summary
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
But it is likely unsafe when taken by mouth in large amounts during pregnancy. It might cause an abortion.
Label source:
Anecdotal: WebMD
Action type:
avoid
Target id:
/procedure/surgery
Target name:
Upcoming Surgery
Severity:
major
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
temporal
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
336
Hours after target:
null
Description:
Due to its potential antiplatelet effects and interactions with anesthetic drugs, piperine may increase the risk of bleeding during and after surgery.
Actionable advice:
Piperine should be discontinued at least 2 weeks before any scheduled surgery.
Validation status:
validated_via_pubmed
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
pubmed_abstract_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
Piperine significantly suppressed AA liberation by attenuating cPLA2 activity in collagen-stimulated platelets. It also significantly inhibited the activity of TXA2 synthase, but not of COX-1, in platelets.
Label source:
PubMed: Nutrients (2014)
Exact phrase from label:
All of the four tested acidamides showed dose-dependent inhibitory activities on washed rabbit platelet aggregation induced by collagen, arachidonic acid (AA), and platelet-activating factor (PAF), except for that induced by thrombin.
Label source:
PubMed: Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology (2007)
Exact phrase from label:
In this study, we report the modulatory effect of spice active principles viz., eugenol, capsaicin, piperine, quercetin, curcumin, cinnamaldehyde and allyl sulphide on in vitro human platelet aggregation.
Label source:
PubMed: Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids (2009)
Action type:
avoid
Target id:
/intervention/resveratrol
Target name:
Resveratrol
Severity:
moderate
Interaction type:
synergistic
Nature:
temporal
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Piperine inhibits the glucuronidation (UGT enzyme) of resveratrol in the liver and intestines, significantly increasing its plasma concentration and bioavailability.
Actionable advice:
Piperine is best taken at the same time as resveratrol to enhance its absorption.
Validation status:
validated_via_primary_literature
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
primary_literature_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
We found that the degree of exposure (i.e. AUC) to resveratrol was enhanced to 229% and the maximum serum concentration (C(max)) was increased to 1544% with the addition of piperine. Our study demonstrated that piperine significantly improves the in vivo bioavailability of resveratrol.
Label source:
PubMed: Enhancing the bioavailability of resveratrol by combining it with piperine. (PMID 21714124)
Action type:
informational_none
Target id:
/intervention/coenzyme-q10
Target name:
Coenzyme Q10
Severity:
moderate
Interaction type:
synergistic
Nature:
temporal
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Piperine enhances the absorption and bioavailability of Coenzyme Q10, likely by inhibiting its metabolism.
Actionable advice:
Piperine is best taken at the same time as Coenzyme Q10 to improve its effectiveness.
Validation status:
validated_via_primary_literature
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
primary_literature_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
Supplementation of 120 mg coenzyme Q10 with piperine for 21 days produced a statistically significant (p = 0.0348), approximately 30% greater, area under the plasma curve
Label source:
PMID 10715596. Supports piperine enhancing CoQ10 absorption (~30% AUC). Note: industry-funded, modest effect.
Action type:
informational_none
Target id:
/class/anticoagulants-antiplatelets
Target name:
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelets (e.g., Warfarin)
Severity:
moderate
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Piperine may inhibit the metabolism of some anticoagulants (like warfarin via CYP2C9) and has its own mild antiplatelet effects, which can potentiate the risk of bleeding.
Actionable advice:
Piperine is best used with extreme caution or avoided when taking blood-thinning medications.
Validation status:
validated_via_fda_label
Evidence tier:
tier_a
Evidence basis:
fda_label_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
The CYP450 isozymes involved in the metabolism of warfarin include CYP2C9, 2C19, 2C8, 2C18, 1A2, and 3A4.
Label source:
Action type:
avoid
Target id:
/class/statins
Target name:
Statins (especially Atorvastatin, Simvastatin, Lovastatin)
Severity:
moderate
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Piperine inhibits CYP3A4, the enzyme that metabolizes many statins, which can increase statin levels and elevate the risk of muscle pain (myopathy) and rhabdomyolysis.
Actionable advice:
Piperine is best avoided with statins metabolized by CYP3A4 (atorvastatin, simvastatin, lovastatin), and caution is warranted with others.
Validation status:
validated_via_fda_label
Evidence tier:
tier_a
Evidence basis:
fda_label_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
For current labeling information, please visit https://www.fda.gov/drugsatfda elevated serum creatine kinase that persists despite discontinuation of statin treatment; positive anti-HMG CoA reductase antibody; muscle biopsy showing necrotizing myopathy; and improvement with immunosuppressive agents.
Label source:
Action type:
avoid
Target id:
/class/calcium-channel-blockers
Target name:
Calcium Channel Blockers
Severity:
moderate
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
By inhibiting CYP3A4, piperine can increase the concentration of many calcium channel blockers, enhancing their blood pressure-lowering effects and increasing the risk of hypotension and dizziness.
Actionable advice:
This is best used with caution, and it is a good idea to monitor blood pressure closely when combining piperine with calcium channel blockers.
Validation status:
validated_via_fda_label
Evidence tier:
tier_a
Evidence basis:
fda_label_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
(5.2) combination with other antihypertensive and antianginal agents for the • Titrate slowly when administering calcium channel blockers to patients treatment of: with severe hepatic impairment.
Label source:
Action type:
monitor
Target id:
/class/benzodiazepines
Target name:
Benzodiazepines
Severity:
moderate
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Piperine can inhibit the metabolism of benzodiazepines that are CYP3A4 substrates (e.g., midazolam, alprazolam), potentially leading to excessive sedation and respiratory depression.
Actionable advice:
Piperine is best avoided when taking benzodiazepines, especially those metabolized by CYP3A4.
Validation status:
validated_via_primary_literature
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
primary_literature_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
piperine can significantly increases half-life and decreases clearance of midazolam compared to placebo. It is suggested that piperine can demonstrate those effects by inhibition CYP3A4 enzyme activity
Label source:
Human midazolam study, PMC3904487. Supports piperine inhibiting CYP3A4 and prolonging CYP3A4-substrate benzodiazepines (sedation).
Action type:
avoid
Target id:
/class/cyp2c9-substrates
Target name:
Drugs Metabolized by CYP2C9
Severity:
moderate
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Piperine inhibits the CYP2C9 enzyme, which can increase levels of drugs like warfarin, phenytoin, and some NSAIDs, raising the risk of bleeding or other toxicities.
Actionable advice:
Piperine is best avoided when taking critical dose drugs metabolized by CYP2C9, such as warfarin.
Validation status:
validated_via_fda_label
Evidence tier:
tier_a
Evidence basis:
fda_label_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
CYP2C9, a polymorphic enzyme, is likely to be the principal form of human liver CYP450 that modulates the in vivo anticoagulant activity of warfarin.
Label source:
Action type:
avoid
Target id:
/class/ugt1a1-substrates
Target name:
UGT1A1 Substrates
Severity:
moderate
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Piperine inhibits the UGT1A1 enzyme, which is crucial for metabolizing certain drugs (e.g., irinotecan, some statins). This can increase drug levels and toxicity.
Actionable advice:
It is important to consult a pharmacist or physician before using piperine when taking medications metabolized by UGT enzymes.
Validation status:
validated_via_class_inference
Evidence tier:
tier_c
Evidence basis:
class_inference_summary
Evidence anchors:
Source url:
Established mechanism / class pharmacology (no single primary source quoted)
Exact phrase from label:
Mechanistic inference: piperine inhibits glucuronidation (UGT) - the basis of its curcumin effect - so it could raise levels of UGT1A1-cleared drugs (irinotecan/SN-38, some statins). FLAG: the cited PMID 9619120 shows UGT inhibition generally via curcumin but does NOT test UGT1A1 substrates specifically - extension is inferential.
Label source:
Class inference
Action type:
informational_none
Target id:
/condition/lactation
Target name:
Breastfeeding (Lactation)
Severity:
moderate
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
It is unknown if piperine or its metabolites are excreted in breast milk, and its effects on a nursing infant are unknown. Safety has not been established.
Actionable advice:
Piperine supplements are best avoided while breastfeeding.
Validation status:
anecdotal
Evidence tier:
tier_d
Evidence basis:
anecdotal_summary
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
There isn't enough reliable information to know if black pepper is safe when used as medicine when breast-feeding.
Label source:
Anecdotal: WebMD
Action type:
avoid
Target id:
/condition/bleeding-disorders
Target name:
Bleeding Disorders
Severity:
moderate
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Piperine may have antiplatelet activity, which could worsen bleeding in individuals with pre-existing bleeding disorders like hemophilia or von Willebrand disease.
Actionable advice:
Piperine is best avoided with a known bleeding disorder.
Validation status:
validated_via_pubmed
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
pubmed_abstract_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
Piperine significantly suppressed AA liberation by attenuating cPLA2 activity in collagen-stimulated platelets. It also significantly inhibited the activity of TXA2 synthase, but not of COX-1, in platelets.
Label source:
PubMed: Nutrients (2014)
Exact phrase from label:
All of the four tested acidamides showed dose-dependent inhibitory activities on washed rabbit platelet aggregation induced by collagen, arachidonic acid (AA), and platelet-activating factor (PAF), except for that induced by thrombin.
Label source:
PubMed: Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology (2007)
Exact phrase from label:
We have demonstrated that spice active principles inhibit platelet aggregation induced by different agonists, namely ADP (50microM), collagen (500microg/ml), arachidonic acid (AA) (1.0mM) and calcium ionophore A-23187 (20microM).
Label source:
PubMed: Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids (2009)
Action type:
avoid
Target id:
/condition/hepatic-impairment
Target name:
Liver Disease / Hepatic Impairment
Severity:
moderate
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Piperine's primary mechanism involves altering liver enzyme function. In individuals with compromised liver function, these effects can be unpredictable and potentially harmful.
Actionable advice:
Piperine is best avoided with significant liver disease unless approved by a doctor.
Validation status:
validated_via_pubmed
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
pubmed_abstract_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
Piperine inhibited arylhydrocarbon hydroxylation, ethylmorphine-N-demethylation, 7-ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylation and 3-hydroxy-benzo(a)pyrene glucuronidation in rat postmitochondrial supernatant in vitro in a dose-dependent manner.
Label source:
PubMed: The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics (1985)
Exact phrase from label:
The results suggested that whereas the 3 spice principles have considerable similarity in structure, piperine is exceptional in its influence on the liver drug-metabolizing enzyme system.
Label source:
PubMed: Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology (2006)
Exact phrase from label:
This study showed that there might have been a considerable damage to liver with piperine extract. Further research may be required to prove this damage to liver function.
Label source:
PubMed: Infectious disorders drug targets (2015)
Action type:
avoid
Target id:
/intervention/vitamin-a
Target name:
Beta-Carotene / Vitamin A
Severity:
moderate
Interaction type:
synergistic
Nature:
temporal
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Piperine has been shown to significantly increase the serum levels of beta-carotene, likely by enhancing its absorption from the gut.
Actionable advice:
Piperine is best taken with beta-carotene-rich foods or supplements to increase its absorption.
Validation status:
validated_via_primary_literature
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
primary_literature_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
β-Carotene concentration was significantly increased in the serum, liver and intestine of piperine- and ginger-fed rats, suggesting improved absorption of β-carotene.
Label source:
PubMed: Influence of dietary spices on the in vivo absorption of ingested β-carotene in experimental rats. (PMID 21266096)
Action type:
informational_none
Target id:
/dietary/meal
Target name:
Any Caloric Meal
Severity:
minor
Interaction type:
requirement
Nature:
temporal
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Taking piperine with food, especially a meal containing fats, can improve its absorption and may reduce the risk of gastrointestinal irritation.
Actionable advice:
Piperine is generally best taken with a meal for best results and to minimize stomach upset.
Validation status:
validated_via_pubmed
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
pubmed_abstract_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
Dietary piperine, by favorably stimulating the digestive enzymes of pancreas, enhances the digestive capacity and significantly reduces the gastrointestinal food transit time.
Label source:
PubMed: Critical reviews in food science and nutrition (2007)
Exact phrase from label:
These spices enhanced the activity of pancreatic lipase, amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin by 22-57%, 32-51%, 63-81% and 12-38%, respectively. Dietary intake of spices along with high-fat enhanced fat absorption.
Label source:
PubMed: Journal of the science of food and agriculture (2012)
Exact phrase from label:
When these spice active principles were associated with mixed micelles, their in vitro intestinal absorption was relatively higher. Curcumin absorption in everted intestinal sac increased from 48.7% to 56.1% when the same was present in micelles. In the case of capsaicin and piperine, increase in absorption was 27.8-44.4% and 43.4-57.4%, respectively, when they were present in micelles as compared to its native form.
Label source:
PubMed: Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association (2007)
Action type:
informational_none
Target id:
/intervention/selenium
Target name:
Selenium
Severity:
minor
Interaction type:
synergistic
Nature:
temporal
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Piperine can increase the bioavailability of selenium, potentially by improving its transport and retention in tissues.
Actionable advice:
Piperine is generally best taken at the same time as selenium to enhance its absorption.
Validation status:
validated_via_pubmed
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
pubmed_abstract_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
Several herbal compounds including piperine, quercetin, genistein, naringin, sinomenine, curcumin, and glycyrrhizin have demonstrated capability to improve the pharmacokinetic parameters of several potent API.
Label source:
PubMed: Fitoterapia (2014)
Exact phrase from label:
They have also improved oral absorption of nutraceuticals like vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and certain herbal compounds.
Label source:
PubMed: TheScientificWorldJournal (2012)
Exact phrase from label:
Groups of Wistar rats were fed piperine, capsaicin and ginger containing diets for 8 weeks in order to examine their possible influence on intestinal absorption of iron, zinc and calcium.
Label source:
PubMed: Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS) (2013)
Action type:
informational_none
Target id:
/class/antidiabetic-medications
Target name:
Diabetes Medications
Severity:
minor
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Piperine may have its own glucose-lowering effects and can inhibit the metabolism of some oral diabetes drugs, potentially increasing the risk of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).
Actionable advice:
Blood glucose levels are best monitored closely for those with diabetes who choose to use piperine.
Validation status:
validated_via_fda_label
Evidence tier:
tier_a
Evidence basis:
fda_label_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
When such drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin hydrochloride, observe the patient closely for hypoglycemia.
Label source:
Action type:
monitor
Target id:
/class/serotonergic-agents
Target name:
Serotonergic Medications (SSRIs, SNRIs)
Severity:
minor
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
There is a theoretical risk that piperine may have weak monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibiting properties, which could interact with serotonergic drugs to increase the risk of serotonin syndrome.
Actionable advice:
This is best used with caution when taking SSRIs or other serotonergic drugs, keeping in mind the symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Validation status:
validated_via_class_inference
Evidence tier:
tier_c
Evidence basis:
class_inference_summary
Evidence anchors:
Source url:
Established mechanism / class pharmacology (no single primary source quoted)
Exact phrase from label:
Theoretical: some piperine DERIVATIVES show MAO-inhibiting activity in vitro (cited PMC7027018), raising a speculative serotonin-toxicity concern with serotonergic drugs. FLAG: the study is of synthesized analogues, not piperine in vivo - weak/extrapolated, clinical risk speculative.
Label source:
Class inference
Action type:
informational_none