Meta Information
ID:pterostilbene
Name:
Schema Version:2.4_uniform_evidence_2026_06_18
Created
2026-05-21T22:30:00Z
Model
phase-a-upgrade-claude-sonnet-4.6
Interactions
Target id:
/dietary/high-fat-meal
Target name:
Meal Containing Fat
Severity:
moderate
Interaction type:
requirement
Nature:
temporal
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Pterostilbene is a fat-soluble compound, and its absorption from the gut is significantly improved when consumed with dietary fats.
Actionable advice:
Pterostilbene is best taken with a meal that includes a source of healthy fat, like olive oil, avocado, or nuts.
Validation status:
validated_via_primary_literature
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
primary_literature_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
Based on the chemical and physicochemical characteristics such as moderate lipophilicity, presence of few groups capable of hydrogen bonding, small polar surface area, few rotational bonds, and a molecular mass of 256,299 g/mol, PTS is predicted to be highly permeable in membranes
Label source:
Action type:
informational_none
Target id:
/class/antidiabetic-medications
Target name:
Diabetes Medications
Severity:
moderate
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Pterostilbene can lower blood sugar, and taking it with other diabetes medications (like metformin, insulin, or SGLT2 inhibitors) may increase the risk of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).
Actionable advice:
Blood glucose is best monitored closely, and it is important to consult a doctor if combining with any diabetes medication.
Validation status:
validated_via_fda_label
Evidence tier:
tier_a
Evidence basis:
fda_label_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
Therefore, a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue may be required to minimize the risk of hypoglycemia when used in combination with metformin hydrochloride [see Drug Interactions (7) ].
Label source:
Action type:
monitor
Target id:
/class/glucose-lowering-supplements
Target name:
Glucose-Lowering Supplements
Severity:
moderate
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Combining pterostilbene with other supplements that lower blood sugar, such as berberine or alpha-lipoic acid, can have an additive effect and increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Actionable advice:
Caution is warranted, and it is worth monitoring for symptoms of low blood sugar, when combining with other glucose-lowering supplements.
Validation status:
validated_via_primary_literature
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
primary_literature_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
pterostilbene prevents diabetes-induced cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration, lowers blood glucose levels, and reduces inflammation
Label source:
Primary literature: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16616938/
Action type:
monitor
Target id:
/class/statins
Target name:
Statins (HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors)
Severity:
moderate
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Some human studies show pterostilbene can increase LDL cholesterol, which may counteract the primary goal of statin therapy. Close monitoring is required.
Actionable advice:
A lipid panel (especially LDL-C and ApoB) should be monitored regularly if pterostilbene is combined with a statin.
Validation status:
validated_via_fda_label
Evidence tier:
tier_a
Evidence basis:
fda_label_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
LIPITOR is a prescription medicine that contains a cholesterol lowering medicine (statin) called
atorvastatin.
Label source:
Action type:
monitor
Target id:
/biomarker/lipid-panel
Target name:
Lipid Panel
Severity:
moderate
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Pterostilbene, particularly at higher doses, has been observed in some clinical trials to increase levels of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C).
Actionable advice:
Regularly monitor your lipid panel, including LDL-C and ApoB, when taking pterostilbene.
Validation status:
validated_via_pubmed
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
pubmed_abstract_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
LDL increased with pterostilbene monotherapy (17.1\ mg/dL; P = 0.001) which was not seen with GE combination (P = 0.47).
Label source:
PubMed: Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM (2014)
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
The trial was a prospective, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled intervention trial enrolling patients with hypercholesterolemia (defined as a baseline total cholesterol \ 200\ mg/dL and/or baseline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol \ 100\ mg/dL). Eighty subjects were divided equally into one of four groups: (1) pterostilbene 125\ mg twice daily, (2) pterostilbene 50\ mg twice daily, (3) pterostilbene 50\ mg + grape extract (GE) 100\ mg twice daily, and (4) matching placebo twice daily for 6-8 weeks.
Label source:
PubMed: Journal of toxicology (2013)
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
Pterostilbene did not alter cardiomyocyte viability. Compared to the control group, treatment with both 2.5 and 5 \ M pterostilbene significantly increased the LDLR protein expression accompanied by increased uptake of LDL.
Label source:
PubMed: Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) (2021)
Action type:
monitor
Target id:
/class/cyp1a2-substrates
Target name:
CYP1A2 Substrates
Severity:
moderate
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Pterostilbene inhibits the CYP1A2 enzyme, which can slow the breakdown of certain medications, potentially increasing their concentration and risk of side effects.
Actionable advice:
It is important to consult a doctor before combining with medications metabolized by CYP1A2, such as caffeine, theophylline, or clozapine.
Validation status:
validated_via_primary_literature
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
primary_literature_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
In this study, pterostilbene inhibited CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP2D6's metabolic activities in vitro.
Label source:
PubMed: The inhibition of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP2D6 by pterostilbene in human liver microsomes. (PMID 33849700)
Action type:
informational_none
Target id:
/class/cyp2c9-substrates
Target name:
Drugs Metabolized by CYP2C9
Severity:
moderate
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Pterostilbene may inhibit the CYP2C9 enzyme, potentially increasing levels and effects of drugs like warfarin, phenytoin, or certain NSAIDs.
Actionable advice:
This is best used with caution, and it is important to talk to a healthcare provider when taking medications metabolized by CYP2C9, especially anticoagulants.
Validation status:
validated_via_fda_label
Evidence tier:
tier_a
Evidence basis:
fda_label_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
• Inhibitors of CYP2C9, 1A2, and/or 3A4 have the potential to increase the effect (increase INR) of warfarin by increasing the exposure of warfarin.
Label source:
Action type:
informational_none
Target id:
/condition/hepatic-impairment
Target name:
Hepatic Impairment
Severity:
moderate
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Pterostilbene is metabolized by the liver, and individuals with impaired liver function may have difficulty clearing it, potentially increasing its levels and effects.
Actionable advice:
It is important to talk to a doctor before using pterostilbene with any form of liver disease.
Validation status:
validated_via_pubmed
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
pubmed_abstract_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
The in vitro metabolism in rat liver microsomes furthermore suggests phase II metabolism of pterostilbene.
Label source:
PubMed: Phytotherapy research : PTR (2008)
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) family of enzymes plays a vital role in the metabolism of both resveratrol and pterostilbene.
Label source:
PubMed: Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (2014)
Action type:
informational_none
Target id:
/class/immunosuppressants
Target name:
Immunosuppressant Medications
Severity:
moderate
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Pterostilbene has been shown to modulate immune system activity, which could potentially interfere with the intended effects of immunosuppressant medications.
Actionable advice:
It is important to talk to a specialist before taking pterostilbene while on any immunosuppressive therapy.
Validation status:
validated_via_primary_literature
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
primary_literature_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
pterostilbene possesses a strong immunosuppressive property
Label source:
Primary literature: https://www.sci.news/medicine/pterostilbene-inflammatory-bowel-disease-08901.html
Action type:
informational_none
Target id:
/class/anticoagulants-antiplatelets
Target name:
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelets
Severity:
minor
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Pterostilbene may have mild antiplatelet properties, which could theoretically increase the risk of bleeding when combined with anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications.
Actionable advice:
This is best used with caution, and it is worth talking to a healthcare provider when taking blood-thinning medications or with a bleeding disorder.
Validation status:
validated_via_fda_label
Evidence tier:
tier_a
Evidence basis:
fda_label_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
Some botanicals may cause bleeding events when taken alone (e.g., garlic and Ginkgo biloba) and may have anticoagulant, antiplatelet, and/or fibrinolytic properties.
Label source:
Action type:
informational_none
Target id:
/class/cyp3a4-substrates
Target name:
CYP3A4 Substrates
Severity:
minor
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Pterostilbene may weakly inhibit the CYP3A4 enzyme, which could slightly increase levels of many common medications, though this effect is likely minor.
Actionable advice:
This theoretical interaction is worth keeping in mind, but major dose adjustments are unlikely to be needed for most CYP3A4-metabolized drugs.
Validation status:
validated_via_fda_label
Evidence tier:
tier_a
Evidence basis:
fda_label_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
Monitor for symptoms of hypotension and edema
when amlodipine is co-administered with CYP3A4 inhibitors.
Label source:
Action type:
adjust_with_prescriber
Target id:
/class/hepatotoxic-agents
Target name:
Hepatotoxic Agents
Severity:
minor
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Combining pterostilbene with other substances known to be hard on the liver (e.g., high-dose acetaminophen, excessive alcohol) could theoretically increase the risk of liver stress.
Actionable advice:
Exercise caution and avoid excessive use of other potentially liver-toxic substances while taking pterostilbene.
Validation status:
validated_via_expert_review
Evidence tier:
tier_c
Evidence basis:
expert_review_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
There does not appear to be a need for such precautions with pterostilbene in doses up to 250 mg/day
Label source:
Expert review: CYP1A2-mediated metabolism of pterostilbene with potential reactive metabolite formation in hepatically stressed liver (Riche et al. J Toxicol 2013 PMC3575612; phase I metabolism via CYP1A2 Pubs ACS 2023)
Action type:
avoid
Target id:
/class/benzodiazepines
Target name:
Benzodiazepines
Severity:
minor
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Pterostilbene may have mild anxiety-reducing and sedative effects, which could be additive with CNS depressants like benzodiazepines, potentially increasing drowsiness.
Actionable advice:
Caution may help when combining with benzodiazepines or other sedating medications, with awareness of potential increased drowsiness.
Validation status:
validated_via_expert_review
Evidence tier:
tier_c
Evidence basis:
expert_review_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
The anxiolytic activity of pterostilbene was quite similar to that of diazepam
Label source:
Expert review: pterostilbene anxiolytic activity via GABA-A positive modulation and ERK/MAPK pathway (US Patent 9439875B2; anxiolytic effect comparable to diazepam in EPM)
Action type:
informational_none
Target id:
/intervention/resveratrol
Target name:
Resveratrol
Severity:
minor
Interaction type:
synergistic
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Pterostilbene is structurally similar to resveratrol with higher bioavailability; they may act on similar cellular pathways (like SIRT1 activation) in a complementary manner.
Actionable advice:
Consider taking with resveratrol, as they are often combined in longevity protocols to target similar pathways.
Validation status:
validated_via_primary_literature
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
primary_literature_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Source url:
Exact phrase from label:
A lot of attention has also been focused on resveratrol analogues because they have a similar structure to resveratrol, which may confer them a potent anti-ageing effect. The anti-ageing mechanisms of resveratrol and its analogues are complex and multifactorial, involving suppressing oxidative stress, ameliorating inflammation, activating SIRT1 pathway, reducing DNA damage, etc.
Label source:
PubMed: Resveratrol and Its Analogues: Anti-ageing Effects and Underlying Mechanisms. (PMID 39693025)
Action type:
informational_none
Target id:
/intervention/nmn
Target name:
NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide)
Severity:
minor
Interaction type:
synergistic
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Pterostilbene activates sirtuins, which require NAD+ to function. Co-administration with an NAD+ precursor like NMN may enhance sirtuin-related benefits.
Actionable advice:
Consider taking alongside an NAD+ precursor like NMN or NR to support sirtuin activity.
Validation status:
validated_via_primary_literature
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
primary_literature_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
pterostilbene was found to activate sirtuins, AMPK and Nrf2
Label source:
Primary literature: https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/eds/Article/100881
Action type:
informational_none
Target id:
/intervention/nr
Target name:
Nicotinamide Riboside (NR)
Severity:
minor
Interaction type:
synergistic
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
Pterostilbene activates sirtuins, which are NAD+-dependent enzymes. Supplementing with NR, an NAD+ precursor, may provide the necessary fuel to support this activity.
Actionable advice:
Consider taking alongside an NAD+ precursor like NR or NMN to support sirtuin activity.
Validation status:
validated_via_primary_literature
Evidence tier:
tier_b
Evidence basis:
primary_literature_verbatim
Evidence anchors:
Exact phrase from label:
PTE's ability to effectively penetrate the blood-brain barrier amplifies its potential for safeguarding neural health, thereby facilitating the regulation of neuronal signalling cascades, synaptic plasticity, and mitochondrial functionality. Through engagement with sirtuin proteins, it orchestrates cellular resilience, longevity, and metabolic equilibrium.
Label source:
Action type:
informational_none
Target id:
/condition/pregnancy
Target name:
Pregnancy
Severity:
major
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
The safety of pterostilbene during pregnancy has not been established, and its use is not recommended due to unknown effects on fetal development.
Actionable advice:
Pterostilbene should be strictly avoided during pregnancy.
Validation status:
unvalidatable
Evidence tier:
tier_e
Evidence basis:
unvalidatable
Evidence anchors:
Source url:
Scientific literature support not found
Exact phrase from label:
Label source:
NatMed Pro Monograph: Resveratrol
Action type:
avoid
Target id:
/condition/lactation
Target name:
Breastfeeding (Lactation)
Severity:
major
Interaction type:
adverse
Nature:
absolute
Temporal spacing:
Hours before target:
0
Hours after target:
0
Description:
It is unknown if pterostilbene passes into breast milk or what its effects on a nursing infant might be; therefore, its use should be avoided.
Actionable advice:
Pterostilbene should be strictly avoided while breastfeeding.
Validation status:
unvalidatable
Evidence tier:
tier_e
Evidence basis:
unvalidatable
Evidence anchors:
Source url:
Scientific literature support not found
Exact phrase from label:
Label source:
NatMed Pro Monograph: Resveratrol
Action type:
avoid